KIRANA GHARANA ( VOCAL)

Gharana is a school or style of singing in Hindustani classical music. The ragas of Hindustani music have distinctive characteristics that change with gharanas and these may derive from the place of origin of a style, distinctive voices, the style of singing and the approach to music. These styles are then called gharanas.

Kirana Gharana is the most prolific of the Hindustani khayal gharanas.

The origin of Kirana Gharana is controversial. While some say Khan Sahab Abdul Karim Khan is the real founder of the gharana, others trace it back a few centuries to a line of musicinas from the village of Kirana in Uttar Pradesh. There are four known branches of this lineage of musicians. The first one has great musicians like Ustad Azim Baksh, Maula Baksh and Abdul Ghani Khan. The second branch boasts of names like Ustad Bande Ali Khan, Nanne Khan, Kale Khan and the legendary Ustad Abdul Karim Khan. The third branch has musians like Gafoor Khan, Abdul Wahid Khan, Shakoor Khan, Mashkoor Ali and Mubarak Ali. The distinguished family tradition of Mehboob Baksh, Rehman Khan, Abdul Majid Khan, Abdul Hamid Khan, Abdul Bashir Khan, followed by his sons Niaz Ahmed and Fayyaz Ahmed Khan, also express their allegiance to the Kirana tradition. Some argue that the Abdul Karim Khan's branch is the main one, others being the offshoots. In any case, the most well known and recognized branch of gharana is the one prmoted by Abdul Karim Khan. Abdul Wahid Khan also had a big influence, since a lot of the great masters of the gharana learnt under both Abdul Karim Khan and Abdul Wahid Khan.

The emphasis on elongating the notes and the importance to their resonance is a distinctive feature of this gharana. Khan Sahab Abdul Karim Khan (1872-1937) believed in the serene rendition of the notes as when playing the bin (a plucked instrument with resonators at both ends). Rehmet Khan of the Gwalior gharana is believed to have influenced Ustad Karim Khan's adoption of the direct style of presentation. Some have also indicated the influence of the sarangi (a string instrument) on the voice features of this gharana.

Kirana is the birth place of the Ustad, and situated near Kurukshetra. Ustad Karim Khan served as a musician at the Baroda and the Mysore courts and had a tremendous influence on the music of western India.

His own somewhat nasal voice led him to adopt the Carnatic style for singing the saptak (the seven notes). He preferred to sing in the slower tempo and stress the bol-alap through consonants because his own voice was not wholly suited to the lower register of notes. The aesthetic appeal was thus never marred and the continuity he desired was achieved. Other singers of the gharana, including his disciple Sawai Gandharva, used the upper register far more often than the lower. Some later singers, including Roshanara Begum and Bhimsen Joshi, sing almost equally in both octaves.

This factor has influenced the choice of ragas to those appropriate for the emphasis on the alap rather than the bandish. Karuna rasa (pathetic or sympathetic mood) is the foremost of the sentiments expressed through renditions that extend the notes gradually and use kanas (grace notes ) to fully express the raga. However, the lack of emphasis on voice projection and words led to a blurring of the lines as far as different ragas were concerned.

The emphasis on swara has led to a rather subtle tempo and rhythmic pattern, both factors allowing for the sentiment and mood to be highlighted. Due to this, the words of the bandish are not clearly enunciated and there are only a few in the Kirana gharana repertoire. Kirana includes thumri singing in its repertoire, but with the emphasis on swara rather than on emotion and an absence of the characteristic lilt of thumri singing.
Contemporary singers like Bhimsen Joshi cannot be said to sing in the pure Kirana style because of the diverse influences apparent in his singing. The swara orientation is not as strong and the tempo is no longer latent as is characteristic of the gharana. However, the emotional appeal of the pure Kirana style remains and so do the Kirana compositions.
Ragas traditionally performed by the gharana: Shuddha Kalyan, Darbari, Malkauns, Bhimpalasi, Todi, to name a few. Some ragas of Carnatic music - for example, Jogiya - are included in the repertoire.

Artists
Major artists in alphabetical order
• Ustad Abdul Karim Khan
• Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan
• Pt Basavraj Rajguru
• Pt Bhimsen Joshi
• Pt Firoz Dastur
• Smt Gangubai Hangal
• Smt Hirabai Barodekar
• Smt Krishna Hangal
• Pt Madhav Gudi
• Ustad Mashkoor Ali Khan
• Nachiketa Sharma
• Fayyaz Ahmed Khan and Niaz Ahmed Khan
• Smt Prabha Atre
• Pt Pran Nath
• Pt Rasiklal Andharia
• Smt Saraswati Rane
• Pt Sawai Gandharva
• Ustad Shakoor Khan (sarangi)
• Pt Sureshbabu Mane